In the worst flare-up of violence for seven years, Israel and Palestinian militants launched hundreds of missiles overnight into Wednesday that killed more than 40 people and injured hundreds more, amid rising fears the conflict could spiral into all-out war.
What started as weeks of tense clashes in Jerusalem has escalated into violent unrest on the streets of Arab Israeli towns and a deadly aerial conflict — more than 1,000 rockets lighted up the skies of Israeli cities, while high-rise buildings were levelled in the blockaded Gaza Strip, home to 2 million Palestinians.
At least 43 people, including 13 children, were killed amid the Israeli bombardment of Gaza, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Health.
Five Israelis were killed in the coastal cities of Ashkleon and Rishon Lezion, and in the city of Lod southeast of Tel Aviv, officials said. In total than 200 people have been wounded in Israel, while there have been close to 300 Palestinian injuries, according to authorities on both sides.
It is the most intense exchange of fire since the 2014 Gaza War. Both sides appear to be preparing for more violence.
"We're escalating towards a full scale war," Tor Wennesland, the United Nations special coordinator for the Middle East peace process, said in a tweet. "Stop the fire immediately."
U.S. State Department spokesman Ned Price told a briefing Tuesday, "Israel has the right to defend itself" and "the Palestinian people also have the right to safety and security, just as Israelis do."
The U.S. is speaking with both sides "to urge calm de-escalation and restraint on both sides," Price said.
"Israeli security forces must exercise maximum restraint and calibrate their use of force," United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said in a statement. "The indiscriminate launching of rockets and mortars towards Israeli population centers is unacceptable."
The conflict spilled over into the streets, where Jewish and Arab Israelis could be seen fighting in cities such as Lod, where thousands of Arabs joined a funeral for a man allegedly killed by a Jewish gunman the previous night. The crowd clashed with police, set alight a synagogue as well as around 30 vehicles including a police car, the Associated Press reported.
In neighboring Ramle, ultra-nationalist Jewish demonstrators were filmed attacking cars belonging to Arabs, the Associated Press said, while in the northern port town of Acre, protesters torched a Jewish-owned restaurant and hotel.
Police said they arrested more than 150 people involved in "disturbances and riots" overnight in northern and central Israel.
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The current hostilities have their roots in east Jerusalem, which has some of the holiest sites in Islam, Judaism and Christianity. The city is claimed by both Israel and the Palestinians as their capital.
Tensions that had been simmering during Ramadan, the Muslim holy month, flared over the past week as police used stun grenades and rubber bullets at worshippers at the Al-Aqsa mosque compound, an important holy site for Muslims and Jews.
Israeli officials said this was in response to rocks thrown at its forces and toward the Western Wall, where thousands of Jews had gathered to pray.
The unrest has been fueled further by plans to evict Palestinian families from a neighborhood in east Jerusalem whose land is claimed by Jewish settlers.
The Al-Aqsa clashes saw Hamas, the militant group that runs the Gaza Strip, set a deadline for Israel to withdraw its security forces.
By Wednesday morning, some 1,050 rockets had been fired from Gaza towards Israel, the Israel Defense Forces said. Between 85 and 90 percent were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome defense system, officials said, but scores made it through.
The nonstop barrages left long streaks of white smoke in their wake, while the explosions of anti-rocket interceptors boomed overhead.
"I called my husband to go to the shelter. After a few minutes at 3 a.m. there was a second siren and then I felt a boom," said Amar Shoshana, 73, whose neighbor's house was hit by a rocket in Yehud, near Tel Aviv.
"It felt like my house had collapsed," Shoshana said. "We smelled a burning smell, we went outside and it was foggy, and we saw that the family's house was hit. They were in their shelter."
The Israeli military responded by launching a bombardment of Gaza, a tiny, impoverished enclave that is blockaded to the north and east by Israel and to the south by Egypt.
Israel said it was targeting Hamas leaders and other sites linked to the group, which is considered a terrorist organization by Israel and the United States.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu vowed Tuesday that Hamas and Islamic Jihad, another Palestinian militant group, "will pay a very heavy price for their aggression," and that his forces were in the midst of a "major campaign."
The Israeli military says it is "trying to minimize civilian casualties in Gaza" by only targeting Hamas-related sites and firing warning shots so civilians can escape. The military said it was investigating reports that Palestinian children have died.
The booms of Israeli airstrikes and hisses of outgoing rocket fire could be heard in Gaza throughout Tuedsay, and large plumes of smoke from targeted buildings rose into the air.
Samah Haboub, a mother of four in Gaza, said she was thrown across her bedroom in a "moment of horror" by an airstrike on an apartment tower next door, the Associated Press reported. She and her children, aged three to 14, ran down the stairway with other residents, many of them screaming and crying.
"There is almost no safe place in Gaza," she said.
Among the targets was the Hanadi Tower, a 13-story tower block that was the tallest building in the strip before its destruction Tuesday.
No casualties were reported there, but the destruction of apartment towers was among the tactics used during the 2014 war that are now the subject of an International Criminal Court investigation into possible war crimes. Israel is not a member of the court and rejects the investigation.
ICC prosecutor Fatou Bensouda said in a statement Wednesday that she noted "with great concern" the escalation of violence. She said there had been the "possible commission of crimes under the Rome Statute" that established the court, calling "for calm, restraint and a stop to the violence."
Alexander Smith reported from London, Lawahez Jabari and Paul Goldman reported from Jerusalem, and Phil Helsel reported from Los Angeles.
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